Small concrete water tank stand design pdf

Mohsin Sadiq. Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design Oct 3, 2012 · Clear an area that is 300mm wider than the diameter of your tank. Authors: Prakash Mahdewa. NOTES. Put in a bed of sand (packing or river sand) about 25mm to 50mm thick. grade of construction, installation, testing, commissioning and hand-over to Unitywater of a new water supply reservoir. In some cases, the option of eliminating joints is considered. ectors on June 22, 1986, and had an efective date of June 1, 1987. The most critical service case should then be used in the structural design. pdf) or read book online for free. The scope of this document is limited to the concrete portion of the structure. Constructive development of a cistern tank design. D:\BAC FILES. • Custom Dimensions — liquid heights from 8’ to over 100’ and diameters from 25’ to over 500’. Structural engineers are asked to design a variety of square, round, and oval reinforced concrete structures that may be above, below, or partially below ground. 3 general design requirements 11 2. Because they were properly operated and maintained, some of those tanks are still in service today. Download CAD block in DWG. The loads for flexural design of the slab are the weight of the slab and walls (factored) pushing down, and the water pressure (factored) pushing up. This article is based on a 16ft diameter, 4 ft tall tank, holding 6,000 gallons. You’ll know it was too long when you run out of hot water. Once in the upper tanks it is gravity fed to our house. Tanks can be made of reinforced concrete or steel Step 3: Build the frame. High strength steel tendons apply compression to the tank floor, walls, and roof to counteract the applied forces and provide residual compression. 7k Views. Water tanks. 2. 6. This work’s main objective is to cover the most relevant matters of analysis and design for ground reinforced concrete cylindrical tanks, by studying a tank originally conceived by Santarella [1] (Figure 1), in light of the new regulations (Eurocodes). All bars shall be bent cold. The design constants are j = 0. Composite Elevated Water Storage Tanks. [4] Damp proof course (DPC) to be laid under all walls. The tank cover is often a cast-in-place slab but can also be corrugated metal and usually has an access opening for maintenance. Allowable bearing capacity of the soil = 100 kN/m 2. 1 Introduction: Storage tanks are built for storing water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. Design a circular tank with flexible base for capacity of 500,000 litres. 3 m Volume V = 4,00,000/1000 = 400 m3 Jun 22, 2024 · The building of my new fish tank, in the video I give the all the sizes and the water capacity, now need to decide on a top design and Building a concrete fish tank, start to finish. This document provides download links and information for the "PCA Rectangular Concrete Tank Design Manual" PDF. 3 metre height of water = 0. Kalinga University, Naya Raipur. This tank has a full capacity of 1113 m3, by possessing a 8,2 m radius, and a maximum depth The tank has a capacity of 180,000 gallons or 3600. One shell manhole at least 30 inches in diameter. Library. 2. Jan 20, 2022 · It is desired to provide a reinforced concrete overhead water tank (not to exceed 15m high) to serve an estate of 50 households. If the water tank is to be positioned in an area that is on a slope then the thickness of the slab is to be increased and the mesh to be a higher grade. Tank resting on grounds 3. water tank design Water tank design example. 3 Excavation of trench for the pipe from the well from tank to kiosk. to over 100’ and diameters over 500’. V. Stability a. 5000 liter tank 170mm thick rc slab permanent shuttering 230mm thick brick walls 20mm Ø pipe float valve over flow 50mm ball valve 50mm Ø pipe reducer a-a-2000 elevation - tank Reinforced concrete overhead water tanks are used to store and supply safe drinking water. Round tank: π (3. Wastewater Rectangular Concrete Tank Wall Analysis and Design – spWall Software. ». This aquarium stand design befits 55 as well as 120-gallon aquarium tanks. Cool Aquarium Stand Ideas. This JoJo tank stands are available for vertical water tanks up 10000 litres and are available in the following heights: 1. grade of steel Fe500,grade of concrete m20 for foundation, for RCC M25. We wanna give another shout out to all of our donators, supporters, viewers, etc. 4 density of water Buy Now. Graphical user interface is provided for: 1) The document discusses the design of various types of water tanks including underground rectangular tanks, domes, overhead circular and rectangular tanks, and their associated staging and foundations. You’ll know it was way too long when you run out of cold water. Concrete. 8 gallons) Square tank: length x width x height x 7. DESIGN+OF+CONCRETE+TANKS - Free ebook download as PDF File (. The result is a robust and durable product. Kirti Sahu Tirpude. In it, the author explores techniques for avoiding the risks posed to health and the environment from all types of liquids. etc. Each a minimum of 24 inches in diameter or 18” x 22” elliptical. The document discusses the design basis, types, and key considerations for reinforced concrete water tanks. FRP is manufactured using a pultrusion process. Water. The first course of brick masonry shall be laid immediately after concreting of the base slab, i. 8 = 4 10 6 2 500 × 4 = 12. RCC Water Tank Design Basis (Water Tank Requirements As Per IS) Reinforced Concrete Water tank design is based on IS 3370: 2009 (Parts I – IV). The internal radius and height of a tank are maintained constant while the thickness of AWWA D110-13 Wire- and Strand-Wound, Circular, Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks (PDF) Downloading: Allowed Max downloads:5. They only needed a stand to place their tank on so the goal wasn’t water pressure. CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE WATER TANKS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. 2) It covers the design requirements for concrete in water retaining structures to ensure a dense, impermeable mix with sufficient compaction and low permeability. M 660 1. able and process water, and for wastewater containment structures. 3 bar. Design and cost estimation of overhead water tanks is a time consuming task, which requires a great deal of expertise. y of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 0511Summary: The minimum weight design of circular cyli. com) 6. Ple water. Reinforced concrete water tanks are constructed for storing water. 5 = 6028. Construction details. 2 = 3. The walls of the tank are 3 inches thick at the top and 5 inches at. We’ve also fabricated a 0. 8π Provide diameter of 13 m. There are no space constraints. Example 6 1 Rectangular Water Tank Design – Free jo-jo tank 170mm thick rc slab permanent shuttering 230mm thick brick walls 600x230 thick strip footing 2370 plan - tank stand scale 1:25 230 1540 230 2000 n. 5m, 6m & 9m. Place sand on base. Draw to a suitable scale: Plan at base Cross section through centre of tank. Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. 1 design requirement of concrete 4 2. V Thevendran and D P Thambiratnam. uk This reprint has been prepared by the UK Water Industry and published by WRc plc. Advance way to design flat slab and generate reinforcement2. These are considered as structures of high post-earthquake importance and Feb 21, 2021 · In this lesson you will learn1. Chapter 1. 1 History of water tanks in Kenya. AWWA D110Type III Prestressed Concrete TankTank Capacities — from 40,000. In design of water tanks, design aspects is to be followed as per code books and loads is to be applied carefully. Economical Design of Water Concrete Tanks 513 Table 3: The (initial trial point) Circular tank Variables First trial Second trial Third trial Fourth trial Capacity (m 3) 250 300 500 600 DW(m) 4 4. 5 metre stand, sitting at 50 centimetres off the ground. 42622. Scope This Specification covers the Unitywater requirements on design and construction of ground level reinforced, prestressed or post-tensioned concrete water supply reservoirs. However, you can alter the dimensions to fit your needs. For instance, when the tank is filled, the walls of the tank will be subjected to hydrostatic pressure UK Water Industry SPECIFICATION FOR THE USE OF STEEL TANKS IN THE WATER INDUSTRY Technical enquiries to: WRc, Frankland Road, Blagrove, Swindon, Wilts, SN5 8YF Tel: (01793) 865151 E-mail: wisign@wrcplc. Preface. allons to 50 million gallons (MG) and more. The intent of this standard is to describe current recommended practice for the design, construction, inspection, and maintenance of wire- and strand-wound, circular, prestressed concrete water-containing structures with Tanks. Krishnareddy. Tank Shell Manholes. Underground water tanks 2. Grab your paint roller and roll the resin onto the concrete. 30-180 gallon tanks could be planned by tweaking the plan a little. Make sure the ground is 100% compacted and that there are no rocks, stumps, tree roots or anything else that could affect/damage the base of your tank and void your guarantee. Use hardwood decking with gaps no greater than 10mm. manent compression. One of the oldest known water tanks in Kenya was built by the railway at Makindu River in 1907. C. 75 MB. Wait till you have a full load of clothes before doing the laundry. 2mx1. Holmberg, P. The posts are 16 inches square; the cost of the work is $11,400, and amounts to only about 75 per cent, of the lowest estimate on a steel tank and tower of equal dimensions. For small water storage tanks, a circular tank design as shown in Figure 5 is recommended. ronnie. ISSN : 2249-5762 (Online) | ISSN : 2249-5770 (Print) Modeling and Analysis of Water Tank Stand. The tank rests on a firm level ground. Typically, Ground Storage Tanks are the most economical way to provide simple, long-term water storage, if the added pressure from an elevated water storage tank is not needed at a given tank site. Use pressure-treated 4 x 4 or 6 x 6 lumber to construct a rectangular frame. This drawing is the property of JoJo. The top of ground level and partially buried tanks and reservoirs should be at least two feet above the normal ground surface. Design of Critical Sections. Ornamental pilasters or other architectural treatments can be IJRMET Vo l. 5m, 3m, 4. UK WIR 1999 WATER INDUSTRY SPECIFICATION WIS 4-25-01 Jan 7, 2022 · Areté Structures saw this need and developed a water tank stand tower kit using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) to help communities in need. 2 metres, 7. 2019. 4 bar. Tank diameters and heights are varied to meet customer requirements. Bidding\CONCRETE TANK with addendum. 6 m - 10 000 lt Vertical Tank Stand This is a non-stock item FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Availability Non-stock items are subject to a 14 calendar day lead time All dimensions are in millimeters and scale is not 100% to scale. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are mostly Reinforced Concrete Water Tank Design Requirements - Free download as PDF File (. 22214/ijraset. 5. Water tanks usually have a cast-in-place concrete slab foundation with either cast-in-place walls or pre-cast masonry unit walls. This report reviews the state of the art in design, construction, and maintenance of joints in concrete structures subjected to a wide variety of use and environmental conditions. Result Pages: Our water and chemical tank stands come in a huge variety of sizes. 5 m. The new standard, ANSI/AWWA D110-86, Standard for Wire-Wound Circular Prestressed-Concrete Water Tanks, was approved by the AWWA Board of Di. 94m. You will be bowled over by this dapper aquarium holder made of dimensional lumber and plywood. 4 specified in ACI 318. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are mostly used. 2mx1m with 3 taps on each side. 2022. (e. [1] All Structural concrete to be class 20/20. 1 Design steps are involving: 1. 6 metres. , when the concrete is still green to form a good bond and avoid leakages or cracks. Jun 23, 2021 · The RC water tank stand is 9m high from normal ground level and it is made to serve 3 Storey building. Depth of 4 m, is provided with free board of 20 cm. 5 = gallons. In general there are three kinds of water tanks-tanks resting on ground, underground tanks and elevated tanks. The tank is open at top. with drainage soak pit, May 31, 2022 · Design The Circular Water Tank by Using the STAAD Pro Software. The iron-concrete wall along the perimeter of the plate is earthed lower its foundation bed and serves for reducing the lateral shift of the soil. Jul 9, 2019 · a 12 metre stand to carry a 10,000L tank for a hospital in Harare. Design Of Water Tank - BrainKartDESIGN OF R. Strength a. WATER TANKS. 18 DN Tanks Showcase. 1. Download dwg PREMIUM - 1. Requirements for water tank concrete Nov 13, 2021 · Classification According to Joint Type between floor and wall: • Free Joint-Sliding Joint. Jan 2, 2016 · 30 Gallon Fish Tank Stand. includes: plants, cuts with details and specifications. Finish with a metal trowel is advisable. The mortar between the bricks or rocks should be mixed in the ratio of 1 part The foundation can be also made in the form of iron-concrete slabs. Reinforced concrete tanks have been used for water and wastewater storage and treatment for decades. txt) or read online for free. The design of reinforced concrete water tank is based on IS 3370: 2009 (Parts I – IV). 6 under ground water tank 23 2. It uses a graphical interface that enables the user to easily generate complex The solution is a sixteen foot tall reenforced-concrete tower that holds two water tanks on top. 5m deep) and returning excavated soil. Siting Options — at grade, partially buried, di erentially back- lled Nov 1, 2021 · In order to adequately design underground circular water tanks, the effects of actions on the tank should be evaluated when the tank is empty, and when it is filled. Jul 17, 2021 - Explore Rimeta Beniamina's board "Tank Stands" on Pinterest. VERTICAL PRESTRESSINGAWWA D110 Type I tanks incorporate vertical prestressing threadbars within the wall to provide. 14) x radius x radius x height x 7. co. pdf), Text File (. 5 -0. Tank stands are another option for the tank base, but must be strong enough to hold the weight of the tank when full. The same tank today adds up to $1,500; still not bad for a permanent 6500-gallon water tank. It lists the URL for downloading the manual as well as other unrelated topics like exam answers, books, and that the tank is water-tight by coating the inside with a layer of mortar. Download dwg Free - 120. The main points are: 1. Displaying 1 to 35 (of 35 products) «. 4 flexible base circular water tank 19 2. The tank rests on firm ground. Pca Rectangular Concrete Tank Design Manual - Free download as PDF File (. Our range of Vertical Water Tank Stands have been ingeniously designed by structural engineers, with sturdy frames constructed from mild steel and a coat of red oxide paint to prevent rust, the platform is Galvanized on both sides. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. During this process, glass strands are pulled through a die and embedded in a polymer. S. The certificate contents below refer to a 3 metre high steel JoJo water tank stand for a 10000 litre vertical water tank. diameter, depending on corewall thickness. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Once you have the accurate dimensions of your tank stand, start building the base. are supported on the ground directly. ” Fall, 1992 – American Concrete Institute authorized development of the “Recommended Practice 371R - Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction of Concrete Pedestal Water Towers” which was published in 1998. 75 MB) Design of a reinforced concrete water stand. 4 metre height of water = 0. drical concrete water tanks is studied in this paper. 69. Requirements for water tank concrete The American Concrete Institute. Starting in the middle of the tank, install the liner in the tank’s interior, pressing firmly on the liner itself to help it adhere to the concrete. For double storey properties we’ve customised tank tands ranging from 7. 4. Tank design is based on IS 3370 standards and depends on the tank location - overhead, ground, or underground. 14 x 8ft x 8ft x 4ft x 7. Water tank stands can also be used in conjunction with booster pumps to increase pressure. Download dwg PREMIUM - 4. 3. 5N of bricks. Threadbars are equipped with a screwed-on nut anchor at the top an. 2 joints in liquid retaining structures 5 2. JoJo Tanks can supply a current engineer’s certificate for all heights on request. The larger of the two load scenarios governs the design of the slab. Tanks of 30m3, 90m3, 140m3 and 170m3 capacities were water tank to water Point (Koisk) including fittings (elbew, T connections 2") M 660 1. Reinforcement is designed to 2. 6 bar of pressure; if 1 bar of water pressure is required for certain Feb 7, 2023 · Contents10000 Liters RC water tank stand in Protastructure 2022ContentGrid line setout by Orthogonal Axis GeneratorModeling of the Reinforce Concrete Element 6. AWWA D100: a minimum of 2 round or elliptical shell manholes within first ring. Source: MBD Bathrooms. Water tanks are a vital part of the water distribution system. n and counteract bending. com InternatIonal Journal of research In MechanIcal engIneerIng & technology 63. To read Reinforced Concrete Tank Design By Mark W. 5m. A long shower can use 50 gallons. [5] Hardcore to be hand packed and Compacted to Engineer's satisfaction. 7 rather than the value of 1. This comprehensive approach minimizes costs, assures better highest elevation. 5 rigid base water tank 21 2. The design depends on the location of tanks, i. spWall is a program for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete shear walls, tilt-up walls, precast walls, retaining walls, tank walls and Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) walls. 1 design of circular tank 43 Reinforced concrete overhead water tanks are used to store and supply safe drinking water. It provides The ground above and around buried storage tanks should be graded to drain surface runoff at least 25 feet away from the tank roof and prevent ponding on top of the storage tank. OVERHEAD WATER TANK PDF. The walls of the tanks shall be constructed using brick masonry in cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement : 3 coarse sand) of class 7. The lesson consist of how to model the tank stand and DuraStor™ Tanks are prestressed concrete storage tanks reinforced with post-tensioning tendons (governed by AWWA D115 and ACI 350). The tower holds 800 gallons of water equaling 6,672 pounds! The water is pumped up to the tanks from a lower tank that collects rain water and the villages water. Make sure the frame is level by using a level tool. Circular and rectangular shapes are most common. This study therefore examines the efficiency of Rectangular and Circular tanks. where SBC of soil is 100 kn/m 2 . Mech - elect - plumb. 4 Construct Block concrete Water point of 2. The slab must be flat, smooth and level. Since the late 1800s, thousands of steel plate water storage tanks have been constructed to store potable water in sys-tems throughout the world. In these cases tank stands on an iron-concrete slab, installed either on the basement surface or lower the grading elevation. design of concrete water tanks is very important note book which is gives you a very good understanding of designing of water retaining structure with BS standrad, there are a provided examples of how to design of water retaining structure Jun 1, 2022 · #protastructure #civilengineering #ekidel #stonebridgetemplate👇Get the Automatic Structural Detailing Template used After Protastructure Design 👇- To Downl Step 1: Dimensions. G. l. Ola arc. Aspects of various joint sealant materials and jointing techniques are discussed. barrels. Custom Dimensions — water heights from. Chennababu, 2Dr. May 2022. Uplift Check b. Construction follows the basic steps for masonry tanks. Vertical Tank Stands are available in two platform sizes: One size accommodates vertical tanks up to 5 250 litres, the other accommodates a 10 000 litre tank. Design of Water Tanks (For class held on 23rd , 24th , 30th April 7th and 8th May 07) By Dr. Stands are supplied unassembled and are of a bolted construction for easy transport, yet Apr 3, 2013 · 2 metre height of water = 0. • Siting Options — at grade, partially buried, CB&I is the global leader in the design and construction of ground-level and elevated water storage tanks. 2 bar. DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 2. overhead, on ground or underground water tanks. 26 KB. This method actively reinforces the structure and enhances its A Guide to Underground Storage Tanks Paul N. g. The tank design will also adhere to design standards set forth in American Water works Association (AWWA) Standard D107-10 AWWA Standard for Composite Elevated Tanks for Water Storage . (0. Viewer. E. revit. [3] Excavations to be inspected before blinding is laid. For example, a 6 metre high tank stand produces 0. 8 metres up to 8. Sol. Design the structure using relevant design standards and by making reasonable assumptions. concrete water tank details with specifications (1. 15 Interior Piping, Appurtenances & Water Quality. underground concrete tanks for 'whole of house' water supply. • Fixed Joint-Rigid Joint. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 2) Design a water tank of size 4m x 9m with height 3m. The guide is intended to improve practices and develop uniformity in designing and building RCC water towers in India. This document provides guidance on the design and construction of reinforced concrete elevated water tanks. 1M. The tanks resting on ground like clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. 7 programs 25 3 results and discussion 42 3. the bottom. It appears the tank was connected to a hydram pump that used the power of the flowing water in the river to push water into the tank from where it was used by steam locomotives. Water tanks are classified into two types based on position and shape of the tank. Simply state this requirement on your order and it will not be painted with red oxide. 5, Issu E1, No VEM b ER2014 - Ap RI l2015 www. the size of the taps should be 1inch. Our tank stands comply with: • SABS design codes and specifications 2. Note: Customers are more than welcome to galvanise their tank stands themselves. This is a proposed project for the design of a concrete water stand with the capacity to carry a triple 5500litres water tank comfortably. DOI: 10. Features include:High-strength steel threadbars are either 11⁄4" or 13/8. Oct 1, 2019 · Elevated water tanks supported by the reinforced concrete (RC) Staging are classified as inverted pendulum structures. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss these design parameters and factors to consider in selecting and sizing a steel tank. 2017 onwards\2019 PROJECTS\CWD 28. Use galvanized screws to add support beams with pressure-treated 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 lumber. It addresses circular and overhead tank designs. Cheremisinoff,1992 This reference has been assembled to help professionals assess the problems surrounding underground storage tank use, replacement, and remediation. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank. If hatch weighs more than 50 lbs, then a davit or hinges are required. Jul 24, 2022 · Water Tank Stand How to Make Water Tank Stand 2022 #watertank #stand #tajfabricationhello doston mera naam hai Sheikh Sameer aap dekh rahe Ho yt fabrication Special Features. Suresh, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIE, Mysore (Ph:9342188467, email: gss_nie@ yahoo. It uses a graphical interface that enables the user to easily generate complex wall models. Mar 11, 2021 · Another step in the development of our constant water supply out at BAG. 3k Views. KEY ATTRIBUTES OF A DN TANKS AWWA D110 TYPE I PRESTRESSED CONCRETE TANK • Tank Capacities — from 40,000 gallons to 50 million gallons (MG) and more. Water Tank. A. Reinforced water tank. The height of tank including a free board of 200 mm should not exceed 3. The walls of these tanks are subjected to pressure and the base is subjected HIGH LEVEL WATER TANK FOUNDATION LAYOUT PLAN (Scale 1:25). Design of Circular Concrete Tanks Strength Design Method Modification 1 The load factor to be used for lateral liquid pressure, F, is taken as 1. 1,2Krishna Chaitanya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Markapur Aug 24, 2023 · The hydraulics of tank sizing and design are not discussed here. If D is the diameter or the tank capacity of the tank will be π 500,000 × 10 3 × D × 3. e. the design is for a water factory. . It covers topics such as typical tank configurations, design considerations, structural analysis, construction requirements, and quality management. Unfold the liner and spread it across the bottom of the tank and up the sides of the installation. • Hinged Joint. Modification 2 ACI 350-01 requires that the value of U be increased by using a multiplier called the sanitary coefficient. To make a study about the guidelines for the design of liquid retaining structure according to IS Code. May 19, 2020 by admin Education. how to generate Strip Foundation calcu 2. HOW TO: Build a plywood aquarium | Part 5 | Filter, plumbing and lighting TUTORIAL D19/1. 76 MB. To develop programs for the design of water tank of flexible base and rigid base and the underground tank to avoid the tedious calculations. docx secured by using annealed iron wire ties or suitable clips at intersections and shall be supported by concrete or metal supports, spacers or metal hangers. The standard has been in use since approval b. ijrmet. Perfect for keeping your water tanks, clean, nice and protecting them from any damage. Mar 7, 2018 · Concrete is the best base for a slimline tank because the shape of the tank (tall and narrow) means a risk of the tank tipping over if not on a solid base. We have extensive experience in all tank capacities and heights and use our in-house resources to perform all tank and foundation design, fabrication, construction and painting. This paper presents design of 100,000 lts capacity elevated water tank for 34000 people. [2] Foundation depth to be determined on site. Construction of a concrete base needs a minimum of 100mm thick concrete and F62 mesh, on a flat level area. Check of Stresses on Soil 2. A 1′ wide strip of slab is considered as a continuous beam for the flexural steel design. Nov 13, 2021 · Classification According to Joint Type between floor and wall: • Free Joint-Sliding Joint. The design of membrane analysis is carried as follows, Consider, M30 concrete HYSD Fe 415 bars Intensity of wind pressure = 1200N/m2 Thickness = 100mm Bearing capacity = 180 KN/m2 Let diameter of ring beam = B2 = Do = 10 m Let the diameter of cylindrical portion D = 15 m R = 7. Based on the location the water tanks are classified into three way s: 1. Step 1: Dimension of tank Depth of water H=3. Strip Foundation design3. See more ideas about tank stand, tank, water tank. The selection and sizing of a water-storage tank involve a number of engineer- ing considerations and generally require a detailed analysis of water demands, sup- ply sources, and the distribution system. kr bm yl pm rq xb er qn ix xc