Apr 13, 2016 · I diluted a few small chunks of bar soap with 20 ml of water. Enough NaOH to neutralize the citric plus the recipe amount, then the KOH. Of course, since 10g citric acid neutralizes 6g of NaOH, I counteract this addition of citric acid with an excess of NaOH. Bath bombs are made with 2 parts baking soda and 1 part citric acid. 500g of dry ingredients (baking soda, citric acid, and kaolin clay), with approx 50g of EO, dissolved menthol, and 91% alcohol was the perfect amount to fill my mold - a 6 cupcake tin. Make your lifestyle greener by making your own laundry detergent with citric acid. I mixed my citric acid into a 50/50 solution and add it into my oils before my lye. The main benefit of adding citric acid to the water for the lye solution is to manage the heat evolved. The dish should elevate the soap and allow the water to drain. In the shower, placing the soap on a shower rack works as well. I wonder where is the truth 🙂 how important adding citric acid is and if not added would it affect the way hair looks like. Even my hubby has noticed the difference of no/or considerably less soap scum on the tile. Citric Acid powder to 4 oz. Add the lye to the water and proceed with your If you are adding a few percent of stearic acid to make a bath soap, you should be able to make the soap using a cold process method without too much trouble. Introduce consistency: pouring a thinner traced soap batter that gels uniformly versus clumping creates a more consistent bar structure and even bubbles. Adding citric acid to the bar may be worth a try as well. As you stir the mixture will thicken and start to pull away from the pot, going from something that’s like runny mashed potatoes to something like very thick mashed potatoes. Feb 19, 2024 · Use chelating additives: Adding citric acid binds metals present in hard water that would otherwise limit lather volume. I’ve done extensive testing however and found these to be really beneficial. If you are using the citric acid to fight soap scum if you have hard water, then the math is different (you will need more KOH than the calculator shows). Citric acid is used as a chelator and it's added to soap to reduce soap scum formation. Even just stirring this to the very end is producing finished soap with millions of bubbles throughout and its driving me nuts and its becoming very time consuming. Jan 19, 2024 · In cold process and hot process soap making, some soapers like to use sodium lactate (derived from lactic acid) to harden up soap bars—more on this below. It is found in everything from foods to dietary supplements and cleaning agents. What natural ingredients contain lactic acid? The easiest way to add lactic acid to your homemade soap is to use natural ingredients that contain high levels of lactic acid. Add it to the soap batter at trace. Spirulina platensis and virgin coconut oil (VCO) were used as source of fatty acids. Let it sit for a couple of hours to dry, then pop out the little pod for single-use cleaning. The altered molecule will then be the salt of the stronger acid. Although it is odorless, it has an acidic taste. Just a few drops will make a difference. Oct 11, 2022 · I also probably should've realized that a denser, larger citric acid would effect my final output. 5% of the oil weight for this recipe. From there, you can customize them with colors, fragrances, and additives. For example, when canning tomatoes, a 1/2 teaspoon of powdered citric acid can be used for every quart of tomatoes. . I tend to add it to the oils. Cohoon recommends a powdered mixture of washing soda, borax, salt, and citric acid powder. Hello again everyone, today we’ll be discussing everything citric acid in cold process soap making & why it is used. Feb 13, 2014 · If it's a bath soap, I formulate a soap that lathers well, is mild and safe for the skin, lasts a reasonably long time, and looks and smells nice. Jul 11, 2020 · Citric acid is 1. 24 g NaOH Citric acid and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) make Potassium citrate in soap 10 g citric acid neutralizes 8. If your dishwasher is heavily soiled, citric acid may be the better choice. I have used this soap (with different sponges) to wash Sep 6, 2023 · How to Cook With Citric Acid . Save your recipes with pictures and add custom ingredients & instructions to share online. There are many more benefits that are of Jan 11, 2024 · Put 1 tablespoon of homemade dishwasher detergent into the prewash compartment, and add 1 tablespoon of citric acid to the main wash compartment. That could account for your lack of bubbles. Just a thought. It also has a fairly high melting point which requires you to soap at higher temperatures. The extra fatty acids will add to the superfat. Jan 25, 2020 · I just started using 1% ppo citric acid to reduce the likelihood of soap scum and rancidity. Soften laundry by adding a citric acid solution to the rinse cycle. If you’ve ever sunk your teeth into a lemon, you've tasted citric acid. A note regarding the calculations on the masterbatched CA/NaOH Citrate solution is that I am most definitely not a chemist, and do not understand the changes that the CA and NaOH go Oct 9, 2020 · I also add several additives to my soap. So, now the questions. The best solution to avoid the soap from coming in contact with excess is water is to place it on a soap dish. Edit: Or were you asking for something more like this? I use this formula when I calculate my NaOH Dec 14, 2016 · Use a Draining Soap Dish When a cured bar of soap sits in water, it turns to mush pretty quickly. In the citric acid sample, a sticky white curd formed seconds after the acid was added to the soap solution. Jul 9, 2017 · When you add citric acid to a soap recipe, the citric acid dissociates in water to citrate ions and hydrogen (H+) ions. Jan 12, 2022 · When you add citric acid to natural soap recipes using sodium hydroxide lye (NaOH), it produces sodium citrate. Jun 15, 2024 · When adding citric acid into your soap recipe, you will want to dissolve it into your distilled water FIRST, then add your sodium hydroxide after it has been completely dissolved. Store in an airtight container out of reach of young children. A melt-and-pour soap base is already soap. Sodium citrate acts as a chelating agent which works to round up metal ions in water and prevent them from getting cozy with soap. I immediately noticed that the solution stopped foaming. Easier math. For every 1000 grams of oils, you would add 10 g of citric acid and 6 g of extra lye to your water solution to create sodium citrate without extra superfat. In a next batch Jul 20, 2007 · The soap is "One with Nature" & is the only commercially made cp soap (I think) that I have ever seen. While my basic formula is 1 cup soap 1 cup washing soda 1/2 borax and 1/4 ctirc acid, I m wondering if a reduction in soap shreds might alsp be beneficial. Citric Acid: Usually the thought behind adding citric acid to Castile Soap is to bring down the pH. I think the citric acid would be an issue. It's not a chelator. Stearic acid reacts quickly sometimes producing false trace. (Can be bottled up and stored at room temp until needed. Once the citric acid solution is added to the oils, continue with your soap making process as usual. Citric acid: So, what is citric acid? It's a weak acid derived from Oct 30, 2023 · The short answer is yes – when used properly, citric acid is a fantastic eco-friendly cleaner for removing hard water stains, calcium buildup, soap residue, and other grime in dishwashers. What if it was added in at trace? I like using honey (beeswax too) in my soaps, and that typically accelerates trace. Soapee uses 25% more KOH than soapmaker 3 in my recipe. What Shouldn’t You Clean With Citric Acid? There are some household surfaces you should AVOID using citric acid on. Stir until clear. My impression is that many soapers use 1 to 2% citric acid for bars as a Jan 2, 2022 · Tips on working with stearic acid in soap. 1g citric acid = 0. 86. I make a citric acid solution, which is 50% water and 50% citric acid. This is because the citric acid, when mixed with water and the washing soda, works at neutralizing some if not all of the washing soda {causes a chemical reaction with turns the washing soda into How To Neutralize And Lower pH Of Liquid Soap With Citric Acid Solution Addition | How To Make Liquid Soap pH Neutral🌿Learn To Make Natural Skincare Product See full list on lovelygreens. Simply dissolve the citric acid in distilled water and add a very small amount to your bars at a time. This way you use the citric acid and still know exactly what your SF is. I just bought 5 pounds of bulk citric acid for about $25 including shipping. In this comprehensive guide, I‘ll provide you with everything you need to know about safely using citric acid for cleaner dishes and a sparkling Jun 16, 2023 · I do not recommend adding citric acid to melt-and-pour soap. *** For the record, adding citric acid does NOT lower pH UNLESS there is excess lye present. Jan 27, 2010 · Lemon juice might soften soap because of the water in the juice and because of the increasing amount of fatty acids created as the soap decomposes from the acid you've added. Apr 18, 2014 · And now we stir! We are basically hot-processing the liquid soap paste and speeding things along, even as compared to the crock pot method. “But your ingredients list citric acid!” Aug 18, 2023 · In this video I'm making some 100% coconut oil dish soap, it's a great soap for all sorts of jobs around the kitchen. They included photos of an employee making bath bombs Jun 7, 2012 · Also everyone says that if citric acid is not added hair will look greasy and hard to brush. This link talks about using a chelator to combat rancidity and soap scum. It's usually added at 1 to 3 % of oils by weight. This will not work with our emulsifier, so you cannot add an active skincare level of lactic acid to this formulation as it will split. While you have added citric acid, soap nuts will ferment over time if not properly cared for. boiling water to make a 20% solution. Mar 27, 2021 · The harder the water the more minerals it has. 624g NaOH 1g citric acid = 0. Rather than adding it to the lye solution (personal preference), I add it to my oils with other additive(s) I'm using. While a chelator does help prevent rancidity in soap, it also helps with lathering, and prevention of soap scum. My recipes using soapmaker 3 work, those using soapee make soft soap. I’ve also read that after using shampoo soap hair to be rinsed with the 20-30% solution of citric acid for the same reason. 2 days ago · Soap scum can accumulate on the inside of the dishwasher, making it smell and exposing your “clean” dishes to bacteria. The video also takes you through in det Jun 12, 2024 · Citric acid is an organic compound naturally found in citrus fruits. I then added a tiny amount of citric acid. May 14, 2021 · Add citric acid to a silicone ice cube tray and pour dish soap into each square to make a doughy paste. However, acid will react with the soap itself and break apart the soap molecule. This way, when you run the wash cycle the dish detergent will first wash the dishes, then the citric acid will help shine them. The Citric Acid so prevents soap scum. Jun 2, 2022 · It is usually added to the oils before making soap, thereby keeping the oils "fresh" longer, if you will. A measuring jug You have to compensate for the citric acid with extra lye. There is a formula to do the math (I’m at work, so no notes) Basically the citric acid ‘uses’ up some of your lye (turns it into sodium citrate iirc) so if you are not adding extra lye, you have essentialy upped your superfat. g. In other words, adding a stronger acid to soap after the soap is made is roughly the same as adding the acid at the start of the soap making process. Normal soap without citric acid will make soap scum from calcium and magnesium. Soapee and soapmaker 3 calculate their KOH in dual lye recipes differently. 2 tbsp of citric acid - see below for where to buy it. Lye should never be added to soap after the soap has been created. Please make sure you're very clear about how to add the citric acid to your soap recipe. By incorporating citric acid into your favorite recipes, you can elevate the taste and create a delightful culinary experience. VCO was also used as Thank you, I ended up adding a pinch of food grade citric acid I already had to my dish soap. Adding citric acid in soap making helps adjust pH, soften water, enhance lather, and create skin-friendly soap. Citric acid. 2 grams Preservative Transfer the body wash to a suitable bottle and let it sit for 24 hours, to allow the Olivem to fully settle. I'm using slightly different numbers (7 g of citric acid monohydrate per 4 g of NaOH), but yours is a safer bet if you are unsure if your citric acid has crystal water or not. I know from having tried it that citric acid will decompose fully finished soap. Dishwasher Magic is costing us at least $300/year. " Adding any acid to soap decomposes the soap into fatty acids. Apr 14, 2021 · Adding citric acid to your Dish or Laundry soap will help reduce soap scum in hard water, and can even help reduce chances for DOS (Dreaded Orange Spots). Remove water spots from drinking glasses, windows, and shower doors. 7 degrees Fahrenheit (69. Advanced and beginner soap making calculator for soapmakers. Steer clear of: Mar 17, 2017 · Here are the ingredients: Cranberries, high fructose corn syrup, water, corn syrup, citric acid. I found that if I added the CA mix to the oils separately from the lye solution , this caused the oils to cool down too far, and I was getting stearic spots. Aug 20, 2012 · The addition of citric acid to the batch made a difference in how it keeps together. It is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Mar 23, 2020 · Back when I still used citric acid, I would add it to the lye solution, and then quickly pour the mix through a strainer into my oils. If I don’t do a coconut oil soap, I will use castor oil, so that’s a good reminder. I think it is @cmzaha that uses 100% ACV to replace the water to make the lye solution for one of her soaps. I am so excited about this soap! I love that it has its own little container and sponge for cleaning. So. You can add it in the "Select Custom Additives" section and choose: Add with the liquid. Once you have your basic calculations, you are ready to get started with adding citric Acid to your soaps! Oct 31, 2022 · Yes. You can't effectively add it into cold process because the citric acid, when added before the lye is used in the saponification process) will *instantly* react with the lye, producing sodium citrate (a salt) and water - and Mar 1, 2022 · For myself, I've found that it's best to make sure the citric acid is completely dissolved before adding it. Aug 26, 2022 · How to add citric acid to handmade soap to combat soap scum. This Aug 16, 2013 · Here’s how to use citric acid in cold process soap: Dissolve 1 part citric acid in 4 parts distilled water. Adding lemon juice after saponification does NOT make the soap "more strong" and "more acid. The Oct 31, 2023 · Apologize for going off main topic up front - have you tried adding citric acid to combat soap scum. INGREDIENTS. Add the lye to the water and proceed with your Mar 12, 2024 · If it has, add another drop of lactic acid or citric acid to bring it back down to between 4-6. Her idea was to add oxalic acid to a soap batch, just like people add citric acid, vinegar, etc. I add powdered sugar (or sorbitol if I can get it), Mulberry Silk, salt,, Edta and citric acid to most of my soap. It's widely used as an al Apr 26, 2012 · I would separate out some of your LS and add less citric acid than you think your soap dilution requires and see what your results are. Should i be letting the citric acid solution sit longer? Please note that the citric acid is NOT mixed in with the liquid {rather, it is added directly to the load of laundry along with the laundry soap}. Combining citric acid and sodium hydroxide lye (NaOH) creates sodium citrate, which is assumed to work as a chelation agent in your soap. I make a 20% citric acid solution ahead of time that I keep with my soaping box to use as needed. Jun 6, 2014 · I do not have a tub, but we find the chelating helps considerably in the shower. Nov 5, 2019 · Every bath bomb or bubble bar recipe that I have ever made involves mixing your well blended dry ingredients with your oils/fragrance/poly80 or wet ingredients. 20% CITRIC ACID SOLUTION - Add after Dilution Make a 20% solution of citric acid & distilled water: Add 1 oz. 842g KOH When using the NaOH calculation (solid soap) it is Potassium carbonate is a thickener. I have made this formula with a balanced pH, but if you need to adjust the pH down you can do so with citric acid. A small amount is very effective, but too much can affect the process. I didn't answer her question directly because I haven't done the calculations to find the answer she wanted. Citric acid makes citrate and hydrogen ions. Be very careful adding when adding it to the lye solution. The ingredients include salt & citric acid. Get sparkling dishes with this easy dishwasher detergent. When using soap which was made with Citric Acid, the Sodium Citrate in the soap then binds these minerals so they flush away and don’t sit in your sink. Aug 10, 2023 · Citric acid is a versatile ingredient that can add a refreshing and tangy taste to various dishes. if your bottle is 750ml you would use 3 tablespoons of citric acid. You can use some of your batch water to hydrate the clay or dissolve the citric acid and then either add it back to the water for the lye solution, or blend it into the oils before adding your lye solution. Examples of Jan 7, 2014 · To further complicate matters, the mixture also contains soap, which is the salt of an even weaker acid than citric acid. A chelator traps metal ions (such as calcium and magnesium that can be found in hard water), which are the culprits behind soap scum and can cause The recipe would profit a lot by adding a bit of palm oil, shea butter, lard or tallow. Aug 2, 2022 · Citric acid is a weak acid that is found naturally in all citrus fruits. Lye is added to fats to create soap. This keeps soap active. Laundering with citric acid helps to remove tough residue on clothes. Jun 17, 2020 · How To Use Citric Acid In Cold Process Soap Making (Best Way To Add Citric To CP Soap To Prevent DOS, Dreaded Orange Spots)🧼Buy Soap making Supplies At http Jun 14, 2020 · I thought you wanted to add the citric acid and sugar to an NaOH solution, not water. 500ml boiled water. If you are adding it all to the solution I was add water, then citric acid. Aug 20, 2021 · The alkali will react with citric acid whenever the two meet, whether that's up front in the lye solution or long after the soap is made. Sep 28, 2017 · This type of soap is more gentle on skin and even better for the environment due to the natural ingredients used to make them. I either calculate by hand or use the Soap Making Friend calculator to determine how much extra lye I need due to adding citric acid. We're adding only a small amount of citric acid to this complicated solution of alkali plus soap. Do not add lye and do not add citric acid to Jun 15, 2018 · The acid in lemons is citric acid, but the amount of citric acid varies between types of lemons as well as between the individual fruits themselves. May 15, 2023 · See pages 29-30 of Catherine Failor’s book on Making Liquid Soap. I make elderflower syrup, and that's basically what elderflower syrup is -- sugar, water, citric acid, and lemon juice, with elderflowers infused into it. Does liquid soap have the same problem with added acids? Yes, it does. Mar 5, 2023 · I'm sorry, but I am not sure what you are asking. ) The active ingredient in Dishwasher Magic is citric acid. Jul 5, 2020 · There seems to be an issue with calculating the additional lye needed then using citric acid in a hybrid soap. Feb 14, 2024 · Freshen and brighten laundry by adding citric acid to the wash cycle. Jun 26, 2023 · Citric acid is a weak acid. Mixing the citric acid with soap, washing soda and borax powder helps to ensure that your clothes get clean. Jul 9, 2017 · Now I add a bit of water to dissolve the CA first, then add the NaOH - no more spots. The curd felt greasy and slightly sticky on my skin. If you prefer a more pleasant fragrance, citric acid is the way to go. Try adding a few tablespoons of citric acid powder to the bowl and May 7, 2015 · Citric acid and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) make Sodium citrate in soap 10 g citric acid neutralizes 6. ) Sep 20, 2017 · I would add a enough NaOH to neutralize the citric acid without worrying about the KOH. "Washing soda will obviously wash things up, while borax helps erase residue and remove baked on stains and grime," she says. That causes the fizzing reaction when they're dropped in water. 2 5-oz castile soap bars – Cleans, removes dirt and grime, fights against stains, and freshens. At trace, add the citric acid-water mixture at up to 1% of the weight of the fats. When used in this laundry soap it whitens whites, brightens colors, and softens water. Note: The melting point of stearic acid is 156. Yes, you can use citrate as a chelator. Mix the citric acid with enough distilled water to dissolve it completely. You don't need to discount water when adding citric acid. DIY dishwasher detergent. Jan 9, 2023 · In addition to its use as a cleaner, citric acid is used for pickling and canning foods, a rinse for fresh fruits and vegetables, adding flavor to dishes, and crafting projects like soap and bath bombs. Does anyone know how much I should use per load? Can I add the citric acid powder with the dishwasher soap at the beginning of the load? Sep 3, 2020 · Citric acid was used as additives which could control the quality of the soap. Ingredients. Join the web's best soap making community. 2 cups Baking Soda, 1 cup Corn Starch, 1 cup Epsom Salts In a seperate container, you can go ahead and mix your wet ingredients as well, including any food color or soap dye you’re planning to use. After standing for one hour, some of the curd coated the sides of the jar and spatula and patches were also floating on the surface of the soap solution. In this circumstance, the citric acid is going to dissociate all but completely, even though it is considered to be a "weak" acid. If you do, need to adjust the lye. Since I soap with a 50/50 lye solution, this worked out the best way for me Feb 29, 2016 · If you use a positive superfat- 3% superfat is what I use, then there is no need to drop the pH. It took away the foami g action and is super harsh on my skin (so gloves now!) but it cleaned really well and I think it helped a bit with the spotting. You will be able to determine the freshness of the liquid laundry soap by smelling – a fruity smell like sour apple juice may signal that has gone bad and might need to be tossed. Your citric acid calculation is okay. I measured the ph again and it was around 5. Manufactured citric acid, created from a type of black mold, is one of the most common additives in the world. com Mar 28, 2017 · If you've never added citric acid to your soap before, please read this link before using the calculator to understand how it works and prevent failed batches. Jun 8, 2020 · After i add the lye to the oils, i sb to emulsion, which produces more bubbles in my batter. Manufacturers add a man-made version of it to Citric acid (*not in photo) – Citric acid is found in lemons and sour fruit. Aug 17, 2023 · How to Make Homemade Dishwasher Detergent . Though citric acid is considered safe, it may trigger a reaction in those with allergies. EQUIPMENT. Citric acid is odorless, while vinegar has a strong, pungent smell. I am interested what actually happened when I added the citric acid? Feb 23, 2021 · Citric acid is one of our hero ingredients for natural cleaning here at Purdy & Figg. Citric acid can be measured and added to recipes either as an ingredient or as a replacement for other acids like lemon juice or vinegar. Create solid, liquid and cream soaps. Working with stearic acid in soap is tricky. If you add citric acid to the soap to make citrate, be sure to also add the extra KOH for the citric acid to react with. Citric acid is not a preservative. When adding citric acid, the following additional amounts of lye (for every gram of citric acid) need to be considered. Jan 9, 2021 · Why should you use citric acid in cold process soap and how to use it?I hope you could learn something from this video! Leave a comment and tell me what you Aug 8, 2018 · A few weeks ago I made Zany's no slime castile and really like it, except I get a lot of soap scum with my hard water. I also add additional NaOH but I do the math ahead of time and I don’t just throw in random amounts! Apr 6, 2023 · First, the basics. Borax can also be used as a thickener, but I don't rely on it for that because, again, too much results in the foam on top. 3 degrees Celsius). But, I would add the citric acid to the batch water, also. The citric acid should also help remove some hard water deposits in your dishwasher—bonus!⁴ Oct 2, 2013 · Adding citric acid to soap should work great with M&P and well as with hot process when you add it after saponification. I generally add 2% citric acid to my water before adding the lye, but since the recipe has sodium bicarbonate in the 'faux seawater' I left the CA out this time. Today I came across an old article in Marie Claire with photos from a Lush tour. You’ll be left with an oily mess. If you are adding a lot of stearic to make a cream or shaving soap, you must use a hot process method -- cold process will not work. Sep 30, 2023 · Yes? So, keeping within the bounds of soap making, you might consider making your shampoo bar more conditioning by adding ACV & citric acid to that. There’s really nothing complicated about making your own laundry detergent. Click here to Apr 21, 2023 · To make a citric acid spray you should use 1 tablespoon of citric acid per cup of water (250ml). Do any of you use these in your cp soap? How do/would you add it to the recipe? This soap is a huge 7 ozs, SUPER ROCK HARD, & if I remember correctly, it lasted about 2-3 months with just me using it Oct 14, 2014 · Here is some info on using citric acid: Citric acid is used to create sodium citrate for a chelating agent/hard water softener/lather booster. I then measured the ph of the solution which was around 10. See the difference? Sodium citrate, the salt, makes citrate and sodium ions. In its natural form, it looks like small, clear crystals, similar to table salt. Feb 20, 2013 · A person recently contacted me and wanted to know how much extra NaOH was needed to neutralize oxalic acid. You can grate a bar of castile soap and add other ingredients like citric acid, a natural preservative, to create a liquid soap. Jul 24, 2014 · Citric acid and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) make Sodium citrate in soap 10 g citric acid neutralizes 6. It's those H+ ions from the acid that are the troublemakers; they need to be taken firmly in hand. How to Make Laundry Soap. I think you are confused about what melt-and-pour soap is. However, it is not a chelator. Jan 20, 2024 · Simple ingredients: castile soap bars, washing soda (soda ash), and borax. This will bubble and create heat. My apologies! Yes, you can masterbatch a water, sugar and citric acid solution. If you want to add lactic acid to a formulation at a level where it will function as a chemical exfoliant, the final pH will need to be around 3. Fragrance. You can adjust this recipe depending on the size of your bottle, e. (I have more recently heard it's best to add the citric acid to the lye solution. 42 g KOH Stir the citric acid into the water you will use to make your lye solution. Nov 8, 2023 · 3. So unless you’re a chemist with the right equipment, you can’t really know how much of the lye will be neutralised. They typically need a liquid to hold together. It has a long history of being used in natural cleaning -- in fact, citric acid was the Ancient Egyptians' equivalent of Cilit Bang or Cif, but without the harsh chemicals and single-use plastic bottles. It is commonly used in marinades, vinaigrettes, and sauces to enhance the overall flavor profile. Mar 12, 2024 · We want to leave the citric acid until later, as adding it now can complicate things during the liquid pour step, just trust me. Feb 14, 2023 · Citric acid is more potent than vinegar, which means that it can remove more stubborn buildup and mineral deposits. In contrast, citric acid becomes sodium citrate after it reacts with lye, and SC is a chelator. I use HEC which is wonderful, the best thing that has happened to my LS. op ea km yi rh ui cp xh vq jz